Different Dice (noch nicht übersetzt)
Using only a six-sided fair dice and a five-sided fair dice, we would like to emulate an $n$-sided fair dice.
For example, one way to emulate a 28-sided dice is to follow this procedure:
- Roll both dice, obtaining integers $1\le p\le 6$ and $1\le q\le 5$.
- Combine them using $r = 5(p-1) + q$ to obtain an integer $1\le r\le 30$.
- If $r\le 28$, return the value $r$ and stop.
- Otherwise ($r$ being 29 or 30), roll both dice again, obtaining integers $1\le s\le 6$ and $1\le t\le 5$.
- Compute $u = 30(r-29) + 5(s-1) + t$ to obtain an integer $1\le u\le 60$.
- If $u>4$, return the value $((u-5)\bmod 28) + 1$ and stop.
- Otherwise (with $1\le u\le 4$), roll the six-sided dice twice, obtaining integers $1\le v\le 6$ and $1\le w\le 6$.
- Compute $x = 36(u-1) + 6(v-1) + w$ to obtain an integer $1\le x\le 144$.
- If $x>4$, return the value $((x-5)\bmod 28) + 1$ and stop.
- Otherwise (with $1\le x\le 4$), assign $u:=x$ and go back to step 7.
The expected number of dice rolls in following this procedure is 2.142476 (rounded to 6 decimal places). Note that rolling both dice at the same time is still counted as two dice rolls.
There exist other more complex procedures for emulating a 28-sided dice that entail a smaller average number of dice rolls. However, the above procedure has the attractive property that the sequence of dice rolled is predetermined: regardless of the outcome, it follows (D5,D6,D5,D6,D6,D6,D6,...), truncated wherever the process stops. In fact, amongst procedures for $n=28$ with this restriction, this one is optimal in the sense of minimising the expected number of rolls needed.
Different values of $n$ will in general use different predetermined sequences. For example, for $n=8$, the sequence (D5,D5,D5,...) gives an optimal procedure, taking 2.083333... dice rolls on average.
Define $R(n)$ to be the expected number of dice rolls for an optimal procedure for emulating an $n$-sided dice using only a five-sided and a six-sided dice, considering only those procedures where the sequence of dice rolled is predetermined. So, $R(8) \approx 2.083333$ and $R(28) \approx 2.142476$.
Let $S(n) = \displaystyle\sum_{k=2}^n R(k)$. You are given that $S(30) \approx 56.054622$.
Find $S(1000)$. Give your answer rounded to 6 decimal places.